On April 1, 2021 the One Free Press Coalition launched the 26th monthly “10 Most Urgent” list of press freedom cases around the world. This iteration focuses on cases of journalists who have faced retaliation in relation to posts online and on social media.

In many countries around the world, particularly those with repressive media environments, social media provides one of the few avenues for journalists to publish critical reporting. Censorship on social media platforms can take many forms, including journalists facing arrest for posts, having articles or pages removed, as well as the censorship journalists face when targeted with online harassment from state and non-state actors. 

Another nefarious threat for journalists online is the prevalence of sophisticated spyware. As CPJ has found in its newly launched campaign, dozens of journalists around the world have been subjected to spyware attacks from state actors, threatening a journalist’s personal information, sources and even their own physical safety. 

Of the 274 journalists behind bars in 2020, 79% report and publish on the internet, and 58% are considered internet reporters. Online harassment is another increasingly concerning threat to press freedom. Given how prevalent it is for journalists, especially for women and people of color, it is often difficult to quantify the number, but as reporting from IWMF and CPJ has shown, it poses a serious threat to press freedom.

Recently the Coalition Against Online Violence launched the Online Violence Response Hub with resources for journalists targeted by online abuse. In addition, CPJ provides guidance for journalists on digital safety. 

1. Kabir Kishore (Bangladesh)

Lu Yuyu (courtesy of Lu Yuyu)

Cartoonist allegedly subjected to severe physical abuse while held behind bars. Now released on bail, he faces serious health issues and charges under Bangladesh’s Digital Security Act. 

2. Lu Yuyu (China)

Chinese journalist faces continued harassment since his release from prison: police invading his home, forcing him to relocate and demanding he shut down his Twitter account. 

3. Hopewell Chin’ono (Zimbabwe)

Elena Solovyova (credit Natalia Sevets-Yermolina)

Journalist has faced repeated arrests and harassment from authorities in the past year for his reporting, and potentially faces years behind bars on charges of “publishing or communicating false statements prejudicial to the State” for a tweet about alleged police abuse. 

4. Elena Solovyova (Russia)

Russian freelance reporter doxxed by anonymous Telegram channel in attempt to harass her for her work.

5. Otabek Sattoriy (Uzbekistan)

Otabek Sattoriy (courtesy of Otabek Sattoriy)

Uzbek blogger covering corruption detained and charged with extortion, and has had his Telegram channel taken down. 

6. Mohammad Mosaed (Iran)

Online reporter forced to flee Iran and seek exile as he faces over four years in prison on charges related to social media posts critical of the government. 

7. Ricardo Noblat (Brazil)

Brazilian authorities have repeatedly threatened criminal investigations against political news journalist in recent years for re-sharing social media posts critical of the government and of Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro.

8. Arzu Geybulla (Turkey/Azerbaijan)

Azerbaijani journalist living in Turkey was targeted in a virulent online harassment campaign, forcing her to temporarily go offline, following the publication of a piece accusing her of disrespecting victims of the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict.  

9. Basma Mostafa (Egypt)

Egyptian journalist detained and held in 2020 on charges of spreading false news, misusing social media and joining a terrorist organization. Currently free, she still faces charges and has experienced continual judicial harassment. 

10. Rana Ayyub (India)

Indian journalist has faced years of harassment in relation to her ongoing reporting and commentary on taboo subjects, with recent abuse amplified by the ongoing farmer’s protests in India.

On March 1, 2021 the One Free Press Coalition launched the 25th monthly “10 Most Urgent” list of press freedom cases around the world. This iteration focuses on women in anticipation of International Women’s Day observed March 8.

In an industry long dominated by men, more and more female journalists around the world are telling important stories and reporting the news for their communities. These brave journalists face a unique set of challenges and threats. More than 70% have experienced more than one type of harassment, threat or attack in the course of their work, according to a 2018 report published by the International Women’s Media Foundation (IWMF) and online threat monitor Trollbusters. Given the social stigmas tied to gender-based violence, many women may choose not to report incidents or to leave the profession.

Six of the women on the list this month are behind bars, and 13% of all imprisoned journalists in 2020 were women. One of the journalists on the list this month was murdered in connection to her reporting, and the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has documented 70 female journalists murdered since 1992. At least one of the cases on this list has faced some form of targeted online harassment, an issue endemic to the industry. In terms of beat, the journalists on this list cover a wide range of issues and stories, but politics remains one of the most dangerous for journalists globally, according to CPJ research.

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1. Tal al-Mallohi (Syria)

Syrian journalist, currently held without charge, has spent more than ten years in total behind bars. She is detained on the orders of a security adviser to Syrian President Bashar al-Asad.

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Solafa Magdy (credit Magdy Family)

2. Solafa Magdy (Egypt)

Imprisoned freelance journalist faces rapidly worsening health conditions, medical neglect and abuse in detention.

3. Katsiaryna Andreyeva and Darya Chultsova (Belarus)

Independent journalist and camera operator each sentenced to two years in prison relating to coverage of anti-government protests.

4. Maria Elena Ferral Hernández (Mexico)

March 30 marks one year since two unidentified men on a motorcycle shot and killed newspaper correspondent following prior threats.

5. Pham Doan Trang (Vietnam)

Web reporter and magazine founder, held in pre-trial detention since October, awaits trial on anti-state charges after facing years of threats.

6. Frenchie Mae Cumpio (Philippines)

Web journalist and radio anchor, who covers alleged police and military abuses, has been detained one year and could face a prison sentence of 6-12 years.

7. Anastasia Mejía (Guatemala)

Indigenous journalist was arrested for broadcasting—and accused of participating in—a protest against a local official. Her home was raided on the same day, and she was held in pre-trial detention for over a month. 

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Neha Dixit (credit Rajni George)

8. Ayşegül Doğan (Turkey)

Turkish journalist is currently free, pending appeal, but faces more than six years’ jail time for bogus terrorism charges.

9. Neha Dixit (India)

Freelance reporter recently endured an attempted break-in, stalking and months of threatening phone calls that included death threats and references to her journalism, as well as an ongoing defamation case.

10. Haze Fan (China)

Bloomberg News Beijing staff member was detained on suspicion of endangering national security.

On February 1, 2021 the One Free Press Coalition launched the 24th monthly “10 Most Urgent” list of press freedom abuses around the world. This iteration focuses on elections and protests as a catalyst for violence against journalists.

Countries in which the number of jailed journalists rose significantly in 2020 include Belarus, where mass protests have ensued over the disputed re-election of the long-time president, and Ethiopia, where political unrest has degenerated into armed conflict. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) maintains safety advice for journalists covering elections as well as civil disorder.  

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1. Mohammad Mosaed (Iran)

Investigative reporter fleeing detention and fearing deportation. In January, freelance economic journalist Mohamed Mosaed was detained by Turkish border police. He had fled Iran following a summons to begin serving his jail sentence in two days’ time. The sentence amounts to nearly five years in prison, a two-year ban on journalism activities, and a two-year ban on using all communications devices. Mosaed had been arrested in 2019 for posting on Twitter during an internet shutdown that authorities had implemented in response to anti-government protests. He was released, then arrested again in 2020 after he criticized the government’s lack of preparedness for responding to Covid-19 and parliamentary elections. His charges include “colluding against national security” and “spreading propaganda against the system.” Turkish officials have assured his lawyer that he will not face deportation.

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Kasirye Saif-Ilah Ashraf (Courtesy of Ghetto Media)

2. Kasirye Saif-Ilah Ashraf (Uganda)

Reporter assaulted by police twice while covering opposition political events. Security officers assaulted at least 10 journalists covering opposition events leading up to the country’s presidential election in mid-January. Weeks after Kasirye Saif-Ilah Ashraf was hospitalized due to police holding his mouth open and pepper spraying him, police fired a projectile that hit the Ghetto Media reporter in the head and cracked his skull. Kasiyre remains hospitalized. Greater Masaka Regional Police Commander Enoch Abaine, accused of firing the projectile at Kasirye and at least one other journalist, claimed that no journalist had been intentionally targeted during the incident. He said that authorities are investigating allegations that journalists had been injured at the event.

3. Gulmire Imin (China)

Uighur journalist has served a decade of life sentence. Uighur journalist Gulmire Imin has spent more than 10 years behind bars, serving a life sentence on charges of separatism, leaking state secrets, and organizing an illegal demonstration. She was one of several administrators of Uighur-language web forums who were arrested after the July 2009 riots in Urumqi, in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. Authorities accused Imin of being an organizer of demonstrations and of using the Uighur-language website to distribute information about the event. Imin was also accused of leaking state secrets by phone to her husband, who lives in Norway. China is the leading jailer of journalists, with 47 behind bars in 2020. 

4. Ahmed Ismail Hassan (Bahrain)

Videographer killed by unknown suspects nine years ago. March marks nine years since Ahmed Ismail Hassan, a Bahraini videographer, was shot after filming a pro-reform protest. Riot police dispersed the crowd with tear gas and rubber bullets, then unknown assailants in a vehicle began firing live ammunition at the protesters. Hassan, 22, was shot and died at the hospital. His death was the third media fatality in Bahrain since the start of the uprising. The other two individuals died while in custody in 2011. Questions remain in all three cases. 

5. Sidhique Kappan (India)

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Gulmire Imin (China Political Prisoner Concern case 00015)

Journalist held in pretrial detention without formal charges. Since October 5, Indian journalist Sidhique Kappan has been held in pretrial detention without any formal charges filed against him. Police at a toll plaza in Uttar Pradesh arrested him and three political activists with whom he was traveling from New Delhi to cover a gang-rape case that had sparked nationwide protests. A freelance reporter who has covered politics, crime and current affairs for Malayalam-language news outlets, Kappan is being held on allegations including incitement and terrorism. There are also concerns about Kappan’s health amid the Covid-19 pandemic, with colleagues and family saying that the jail has not implemented sufficient safety measures against the virus.

6. Kilwe Adan Farah (Somalia)

Facebook journalist faces fabricated murder charges. After two weeks detained at an undisclosed location in the semi-autonomous state of Puntland in the semi-autonomous state of Puntland, Kilwe Adan Farah was moved to Garowe Central Prison in January and allowed communication with his family. He runs the Facebook-based news outlet Kilwe Media Inc. and had recently covered a protest in Garowe, the capital of Puntland, and interviewed members of the public about economic policies. A military court has accused Kilwe of murder and attempted murder, which could carry a death sentence. However, the Media Association of Puntland questions the legality of the military court handling a civilian’s case and believes the allegations were fabricated.  

7. Nada Sabouri (Iran)

Reporter serving jail time years after charges and sentencing. In August, freelance sports reporter Nada Sabouri began a 3.5-year jail term at Tehran’s Evin prison, five years after she was originally sentenced. She had been arrested in 2014 as a reporter for the economic daily Kasbokar covering a rally on behalf of political prisoners at the presidential office. She was subsequently charged with “colluding against national security” and “disturbing public order” and released on bail. In 2020, Iran imprisoned 15 journalists. 

8. Daria Chultsova and Katsiaryna Andreyeva (Belarus) 

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Andrea Sahouri (Credit Kelsey Kremer of the Des Moines Register)

TV reporters arrested without explanation endure harsh detention conditions. For the first time since 2014, CPJ documented Belarus jailing journalists last year—at least 10 in the months of protests following presidential elections. Among them were Belsat TV reporters Daria Chultsova and Katsiaryna Andreyeva. The two were arrested without explanation when law enforcement officers broke down a door in the middle of a live video broadcast in November. A court charged the two women with “organizing and preparing of actions that grossly violate public order,” both facing up to three years in prison. Early during pretrial detention, Andreyeva fainted and hit her head on the floor but was denied a doctor-prescribed consultation with a neurologist and was banned from sitting or lying down while crammed among 11 people in a cell intended for four. 

9. Choy Yuk Ling (China)

Documentary journalist charged in relation to investigative reporting. CPJ has documented the broad decline of press freedom in Hong Kong in recent years. In November, police searched the home of documentary producer Choy Yuk Ling and arrested her. She was charged with giving false statements to obtain license plate information—part of researching cars involved in a mob attack on subway riders. Choy was one of the producers of an investigation that aired in 2020 about the violent incident that took place on July 21, 2019 at the Yuen Long metro station. If convicted, Choy could face a fine of $645 and up to six months in jail. Her next trial date is March 24. 

10. Andrea Sahouri (U.S.)

U.S. sees unprecedented year in journalist suppression. In the U.S. in 2020, an unprecedented 110 journalists were arrested or criminally charged. At least 12 still faced charges at the end of 2020. Des Moines Register reporter Andrea Sahouri is due in court on February 8, charged with failure to disperse and interference with official acts, which are punishable by hundreds of dollars in fines or prison time in lieu of a fine. Sahouri was reporting on protests in May 2020 when she was pepper-sprayed and arrested.